Dev C++ Indent Multiple Items

Posted on 28.12.2020by admin

Dev C++ Indent Multiple Items 3,7/5 6949 reviews

-->

Allows selection among multiple sections of code, depending on the value of an integral expression.

Syntax

switch ( [initialization;] expression)
{
caseconstant-expression:statement
[default :statement]
}

Remarks

It might happen when we are trying to design a navigation bar or any kind list in which items are neither numbered nor bulleted we don’t need numbers or bullets and also no margin. To remove that indentation from an unordered list (a list having bullets) there needs styling to be done using CSS.

Summary: This page is a printf formatting cheat sheet. I originally created this cheat sheet for my own purposes, and then thought I would share it here. A great thing about the printf formatting syntax is that the format specifiers you can use are very similar — if not identical — between different languages, including C, C, Java, Perl, PHP, Ruby, Scala, and others. GridView.LevelIndent Property. Gets or sets the indent between group rows located at neighboring group levels, or between master and detail views. An integer value representing the group row indent in pixels. The default is -1. Remarks The image below illustrates group row indents. See Also GridView. In order to verify that beautifier programs like bcpp, indent or cb is not damaging or changing the input source-code after formatting, you can use one of the following technique - 3.1. Method 1: Verfication Program for C/C. Nov 01, 2012 list indent changes multiple lines when changing indent level Hi Everyone, I have a styled list I created in word 2007, modified a little in word 2010, and work with now again in word 2007.

The expression must have an integral type, or be a class type that has an unambiguous conversion to integral type. Integral promotion takes place as described in Standard conversions.

The switch statement body consists of a series of case labels and an optional default label. Collectively, the statements that follow the labels are called labeled statements. The labeled statements aren't syntactic requirements, but the switch statement is meaningless without them. No two constant expressions in case statements may evaluate to the same value. The default label may appear only once. The default statement is often placed at the end, but it can appear anywhere in the body of the switch statement. A case or default label can only appear inside a switch statement.

The constant-expression in each case label is converted to the type of expression. Then, it's compared with expression for equality. Control passes to the statement whose caseconstant-expression matches the value of expression. The resulting behavior is shown in the following table.

Switch statement behavior

Condition	Action
Converted value matches that of the promoted controlling expression.	Control is transferred to the statement following that label.
None of the constants match the constants in the case labels; a default label is present.	Control is transferred to the default label.
None of the constants match the constants in the case labels; no default label is present.	Control is transferred to the statement after the switch statement.

If a matching expression is found, execution can continue through later case or default labels. The break statement is used to stop execution and transfer control to the statement after the switch statement. Without a break statement, every statement from the matched case label to the end of the switch, including the default, is executed. For example:

In the above example, uppercase_A is incremented if c is an uppercase 'A'. The break statement after uppercase_A++ terminates execution of the switch statement body and control passes to the while loop. Without the break statement, execution would 'fall through' to the next labeled statement, so that lowercase_a and other would also be incremented. A similar purpose is served by the break statement for case 'a'. If c is a lowercase 'a', lowercase_a is incremented and the break statement terminates the switch statement body. If c isn't an 'a' or 'A', the default statement is executed.

Visual Studio 2017 and later: (available with /std:c++17) The [[fallthrough]] attribute is specified in the C++17 standard. You can use it in a switch statement. It's a hint to the compiler, or anyone who reads the code, that fall-through behavior is intentional. The Microsoft C++ compiler currently doesn't warn on fallthrough behavior, so this attribute has no effect on compiler behavior. In the example, the attribute gets applied to an empty statement within the unterminated labeled statement. In other words, the semicolon is necessary.

Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3 and later (available with /std:c++17). A switch statement may have an initialization clause. It introduces and initializes a variable whose scope is limited to the block of the switch statement:

An inner block of a switch statement can contain definitions with initializations as long as they're reachable, that is, not bypassed by all possible execution paths. Names introduced using these declarations have local scope. For example:

A switch statement can be nested. When nested, the case or default labels associate with the closest switch statement that encloses them.

Microsoft-specific behavior

Microsoft C doesn't limit the number of case values in a switch statement. The number is limited only by the available memory. ANSI C requires at least 257 case labels be allowed in a switch statement.

The default for Microsoft C is that the Microsoft extensions are enabled. Use the /Za compiler option to disable these extensions.

Prerequisites

A computer that runs Microsoft Windows 7 or later versions. We recommend Windows 10 for the best development experience.
A copy of Visual Studio. For information on how to download and install Visual Studio, see Install Visual Studio. When you run the installer, make sure that the Desktop development with C++ workload is checked. Don't worry if you didn't install this workload when you installed Visual Studio. You can run the installer again and install it now.
An understanding of the basics of using the Visual Studio IDE. If you've used Windows desktop apps before, you can probably keep up. For an introduction, see Visual Studio IDE feature tour.
An understanding of enough of the fundamentals of the C++ language to follow along. Don't worry, we don't do anything too complicated.

Create a Windows desktop project

Follow these steps to create your first Windows desktop project. As you go, you'll enter the code for a working Windows desktop application. To see the documentation for your preferred version of Visual Studio, use the Version selector control. It's found at the top of the table of contents on this page.

To create a Windows desktop project in Visual Studio 2019

From the main menu, choose File > New > Project to open the Create a New Project dialog box.
At the top of the dialog, set Language to C++, set Platform to Windows, and set Project type to Desktop.
From the filtered list of project types, choose Windows Desktop Wizard then choose Next. In the next page, enter a name for the project, for example, DesktopApp.
Choose the Create button to create the project.
The Windows Desktop Project dialog now appears. Under Application type, select Desktop application (.exe). Under Additional options, select Empty project. Choose OK to create the project.
In Solution Explorer, right-click the DesktopApp project, choose Add, and then choose New Item.
In the Add New Item dialog box, select C++ File (.cpp). In the Name box, type a name for the file, for example, HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp. Choose Add.

Your project is now created and your source file is opened in the editor. To continue, skip ahead to Create the code.

To create a Windows desktop project in Visual Studio 2017

On the File menu, choose New and then choose Project.
In the New Project dialog box, in the left pane, expand Installed > Visual C++, then select Windows Desktop. In the middle pane, select Windows Desktop Wizard.
In the Name box, type a name for the project, for example, DesktopApp. Choose OK.
In the Windows Desktop Project dialog, under Application type, select Windows application (.exe). Under Additional options, select Empty project. Make sure Precompiled Header isn't selected. Choose OK to create the project.
In Solution Explorer, right-click the DesktopApp project, choose Add, and then choose New Item.
In the Add New Item dialog box, select C++ File (.cpp). In the Name box, type a name for the file, for example, HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp. Choose Add.

Your project is now created and your source file is opened in the editor. To continue, skip ahead to Create the code.

To create a Windows desktop project in Visual Studio 2015

On the File menu, choose New and then choose Project.
In the New Project dialog box, in the left pane, expand Installed > Templates > Visual C++, and then select Win32. In the middle pane, select Win32 Project.
In the Name box, type a name for the project, for example, DesktopApp. Choose OK.
On the Overview page of the Win32 Application Wizard, choose Next.
On the Application Settings page, under Application type, select Windows application. Under Additional options, uncheck Precompiled header, then select Empty project. Choose Finish to create the project.
In Solution Explorer, right-click the DesktopApp project, choose Add, and then choose New Item.
In the Add New Item dialog box, select C++ File (.cpp). In the Name box, type a name for the file, for example, HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp. Choose Add.

Your project is now created and your source file is opened in the editor.

Create the code

Next, you'll learn how to create the code for a Windows desktop application in Visual Studio.

To start a Windows desktop application

Just as every C application and C++ application must have a main function as its starting point, every Windows desktop application must have a WinMain function. WinMain has the following syntax.
For information about the parameters and return value of this function, see WinMain entry point.
Note
What are all those extra words, such as CALLBACK, or HINSTANCE, or _In_? The traditional Windows API uses typedefs and preprocessor macros extensively to abstract away some of the details of types and platform-specific code, such as calling conventions, __declspec declarations, and compiler pragmas. In Visual Studio, you can use the IntelliSense Quick Info feature to see what these typedefs and macros define. Hover your mouse over the word of interest, or select it and press Ctrl+K, Ctrl+I for a small pop-up window that contains the definition. For more information, see Using IntelliSense. Parameters and return types often use SAL Annotations to help you catch programming errors. For more information, see Using SAL Annotations to Reduce C/C++ Code Defects.
Windows desktop programs require <windows.h>. <tchar.h> defines the TCHAR macro, which resolves ultimately to wchar_t if the UNICODE symbol is defined in your project, otherwise it resolves to char. If you always build with UNICODE enabled, you don't need TCHAR and can just use wchar_t directly.
Along with the WinMain function, every Windows desktop application must also have a window-procedure function. This function is typically named WndProc, but you can name it whatever you like. WndProc has the following syntax.
In this function, you write code to handle messages that the application receives from Windows when events occur. For example, if a user chooses an OK button in your application, Windows will send a message to you and you can write code inside your WndProc function that does whatever work is appropriate. It's called handling an event. You only handle the events that are relevant for your application.
For more information, see Window Procedures.

To add functionality to the WinMain function

In the WinMain function, you populate a structure of type WNDCLASSEX. The structure contains information about the window: the application icon, the background color of the window, the name to display in the title bar, among other things. Importantly, it contains a function pointer to your window procedure. The following example shows a typical WNDCLASSEX structure.
For information about the fields of the structure above, see WNDCLASSEX.
Register the WNDCLASSEX with Windows so that it knows about your window and how to send messages to it. Use the RegisterClassEx function and pass the window class structure as an argument. The _T macro is used because we use the TCHAR type.
Now you can create a window. Use the CreateWindow function.
This function returns an HWND, which is a handle to a window. A handle is somewhat like a pointer that Windows uses to keep track of open windows. For more information, see Windows Data Types.
At this point, the window has been created, but we still need to tell Windows to make it visible. That's what this code does:
The displayed window doesn't have much content because you haven't yet implemented the WndProc function. In other words, the application isn't yet handling the messages that Windows is now sending to it.
To handle the messages, we first add a message loop to listen for the messages that Windows sends. When the application receives a message, this loop dispatches it to your WndProc function to be handled. The message loop resembles the following code.
For more information about the structures and functions in the message loop, see MSG, GetMessage, TranslateMessage, and DispatchMessage.
At this point, the WinMain function should resemble the following code.

To add functionality to the WndProc function

To enable the WndProc function to handle the messages that the application receives, implement a switch statement.
One important message to handle is the WM_PAINT message. The application receives the WM_PAINT message when part of its displayed window must be updated. The event can occur when a user moves a window in front of your window, then moves it away again. Your application doesn't know when these events occur. Only Windows knows, so it notifies your app with a WM_PAINT message. When the window is first displayed, all of it must be updated.
To handle a WM_PAINT message, first call BeginPaint, then handle all the logic to lay out the text, buttons, and other controls in the window, and then call EndPaint. For the application, the logic between the beginning call and the ending call is to display the string 'Hello, Windows desktop!' in the window. In the following code, notice that the TextOut function is used to display the string.
HDC in the code is a handle to a device context, which is a data structure that Windows uses to enable your application to communicate with the graphics subsystem. The BeginPaint and EndPaint functions make your application behave like a good citizen and doesn't use the device context for longer than it needs to. The functions help make the graphics subsystem is available for use by other applications.
An application typically handles many other messages. For example, WM_CREATE when a window is first created, and WM_DESTROY when the window is closed. The following code shows a basic but complete WndProc function.

Build the code

As promised, here's the complete code for the working application.